1. English Fleet Threatens Dutch New Amsterdam - RUSSELL-SHORTO

1636 NEW AMSTERDAMEnglish Fleet Threatens Dutch New AmsterdamRussell Shorto, Part One: Shorto explores the 1664 confrontation between English forces and Dutch New Netherland. Royalist officer Richard Nicolls was dispatched with four warships by James, Duke of York, to capture the colony and assert royal authority over New England Puritans. Shorto highlights the diverse, polyglot population of New Amsterdam, including freed African landowner Dorothea Angola and early French settlers Catalina Trico and Joris Rapalje. Director-General Peter Stuyvesant rushed back to defend Manhattan upon learning of the approaching English fleet, setting the stage for a tense standoff framed by the legacy of the English Civil War. (1)