#23 Luke Kemp: Why Civilizations Collapse - and How We Might Avoid the Next One

In this episode of The Initiation, I speak with Luke Kemp, researcher at Cambridge’s Centre for the Study of Existential Risk and author of Goliath’s Curse: The History and Future of Societal Collapse.Luke challenges the conventional story of civilization as a steady march of progress. Instead, he traces the rise of what he calls “Goliaths”: societies built upon concentrated power, extractive resources, monopolized violence, and the restriction of people’s freedom to leave.While the collapse of these systems often benefited ordinary people in the past, Luke argues that collapse today would be profoundly different. Nuclear weapons, artificial intelligence, ecological breakdown, and our dependence on global supply chains have raised the height of the fall—potentially to a terminal level.We discuss:Why the earliest states resembled organized protection racketsThe three ingredients that allow Goliaths to emergeWhy fear makes societies vulnerable to authoritarian leadersHow inequality and concentrated power make civilizations fragileWhy collapse had a surprisingly bright past—but may have a dark futureThe growing risks posed by nuclear weapons and artificial intelligenceWhy game theory misunderstands ordinary human behaviourHumanity’s deeper evolutionary capacity for cooperationHow corporations and states amplify the darker sides of human natureCitizens’ assemblies, wealth redistribution, and the possibility of open democracyWhat meaningful action looks like in the face of systemic riskThis is a sobering but ultimately empowering conversation about the history of power, the risks gathering around us, and how we might build institutions that bring out the best—rather than the worst—of humanity.And for new listeners, Season 1 of The Initiation lays the foundation for this inquiry - exploring the breakdowns, breakthroughs, and inner transformation shaping humanity’s collective threshold.