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by Rabbi Yosef Katzman
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לֵיל יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מַתְחִילִים ה' מָלָךְ תָּגֵל גוThe Evening Service of Yom Kippur opens with the psalm beginning A-donai malach tagel. פָּסוּק אוֹר זָרוּעַ — פַּעַם אַחַת וּבְקוֹל רָםIts second-last verse, beginning Or zarua, is said once, aloud.עַל דַּעַת הַקָּהָל כו' ג' פְּעָמִים וּבְקוֹל נָמוּךְThe statement beginning Al daas HaMakom is recited three times, quietly.אֵין כּוֹפְלִים הֶחָרוּז כִּי הִנֵּה כַּחוֹמֶרThe opening stanza of the liturgical hymn beginning Ki hinei kachomer is not repeated as a refrain [at the end of each of the subsequent stanzas].קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע שֶׁעַל הַמִּטָּה כְּמוֹ בְּשַׁבָּת וְיוֹם טוֹבKerias Shema, the Prayer before Retiring at Night, follows the same order as on Shabbos and Yom-Tov.אָבִינוּ מַלְכֵּנוּ זְכוֹר רַחֲמֶיךָ כו' — בְּכָל תְּפִלּוֹת הַיּוֹםThe passage beginning Avinu Malkeinu zechor rachamecha is recited in all the daytime prayer services.בְּרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה וְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים אוֹמְרִים י"ג מִדּוֹת הָרַחֲמִים בְּהוֹצָאַת הַסֵּפֶר תּוֹרָה גַּם כְּשֶׁחָל בְּשַׁבָּתWhen the Torah scroll is taken out of the Ark on Rosh HaShanah and Yom Kippur, the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy are recited even on Shabbos.שִׁעוּר תְּהִלִּים אַחַר מוּסָףThe daily reading of Tehillim follows Mussaf.הַפְטוֹרַת מִנְחַת יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים: וַיְהִי דְבַר — וּבְהֵמָה רַבָּה. מִי אֵל כָּמוֹךָ גוThe haftarah recited during the Afternoon Service on Yom Kippur begins Vayehi dvar and continues until behemah rabbah. The maftir then adds the three verses beginning Mi E-l kamocha.גַּם בְּמִנְחָה אוֹמְרִים לְדָוִד ה' אוֹרִיThe psalm beginning LeDavid HaShem ori is recited [not only in the Morning Service but] also in the Afternoon Service.פְּתִיחַת הָאָרוֹן בִּנְעִילָה לְאַשְׁרֵי, וְנִשְׁאָר פָּתוּחַ עַד אַחֲרֵי כָּל תְּפִלַּת נְעִילָהFor the Neilah Service, the Ark is opened before the recitation of Ashrei and remains open until the completion of that Service.בְּקַדִּישׁ דִּנְעִילָה - לְעֵילָּא וּלְעֵילָּאIn the Kaddeishim recited [before and directly after] Neilah, [the sheliach tzibbur] says le’eila ule’eila. אֵין כֵּאלֹקֵינוּ, עָלֵינוּ[The Neilah Service then concludes with] Ein K’Elokeinu and Aleinu. וְאֵין נוֹשְׂאִים כַּפַּיִםThe kohanim do not bless the people in the course of that Service.אוֹמְרִים הַיּוֹם יִפְנֶה, גַּם אִם הֶעֱרִיב הַיּוֹםThe sentence beginning Hayom yifneh is said even after dark.אֵין מְבָרְכִים שֶׁעָשָׂה לִי כָּל צָרְכִּי עַד לְמָחָרThe blessing that concludes she’asah li kol tzorki is not recited until the following day.יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים קוּמְט אוֹיס צוּ פאַסְטעֶן זעֶקס אוּן צְוואַנצִיג שָׁעָהIn practice, the fast of Yom Kippur lasts 26 hours.Text and Translation courtesy of Sichos in EnglishFor questions and follow-up: cablejew@gmail.com
כַּפָּרוֹת: "בְּנֵי אָדָם - וּלְשָׁלוֹם" שָׁלֹשׁ פְּעָמִיםIn [the expiation ceremony known as] Kaparos, the passage from Bnei adam until u’leshalom is recited three times.וּבְכָל פַּעַם מְסַבֵּב ג' פְּעָמִיםThe chicken is circled above one’s head three times after each recitation,סַךְ הַכֹּל מְסַבֵּב ט' פְּעָמִיםfor a total of nine times.עַד סוֹף תִּשְׁרֵי אֵין אוֹמְרִים תַּחֲנוּן[From this day] until the end of the month of Tishrei, Tachanun is not recited.מַלְקוּת: הַמַּלְקֶה וְהַנִּלְקֶה שְׁנֵיהֶם אוֹמְרִים וְהוּא רַחוּם שָׁלֹשׁ פְּעָמִים[Accompanying the 39 stripes of the nominal flogging called] malkos, the verse beginning Vehu Rachum is recited three times by both the person administering the lashes and the one receiving them.בְּעֶרֶב יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים הָעֲבוֹדָה הִיא חֲרָטָה עַל הֶעָבָרOn the eve of Yom Kippur, one’s avodah should focus on regret over the past;בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים — קַבָּלָה עַל לְהַבָּא.on Yom Kippur itself, it should focus on commitment for the future.Text and Translation courtesy of Sichos in EnglishFor questions and follow-up: cablejew@gmail.com
קִצּוּר בִּאוּר אוֹפֶן ההAn explanation [by the Rebbe Rashab] of the fifth approach, abridged:ה, הַצְנֵעַ לֶכֶת עִם הוי' אֱלֹקֶיךָ“Walk humbly with G‑d your L‑rd.”זְהִירוּת שֶׁלֹּא תְהִי שׁוּם בְּלִיטָהThis means carefully avoiding all conspicuousness.וּכְמַאֲמַר לְעוֹלָם יְהֵא אָדָם עָרוּם בְּיִרְאָהAs the Sages expressed it, “A person should always be sly in his fear [of G‑d].”וְעִנְיַן הָעַרְמוּמִית הוּא שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה נִכָּר כְּלַלThis “slyness” means ensuring that [one’s fear of G‑d] is utterly unnoticeable.יָדוּעַ דְּכַמָּה מֵחֲסִידִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים הָיוּ מַסְתִּירִים עַצְמָםAs is well known, some early chassidim would conceal their [spiritual achievements],וְאִם הִתְגַּלּוּ הָיוּ מִצְטַעֲרִיםand were distressed if they were revealed.וְזֶהוּ עֲבוֹדַת הַתְּשׁוּבָה הַבָּאָה מֵהַצְנֵעַ לֶכֶתThis is the kind of teshuvah that comes from walking humbly.Text and Translation courtesy of Sichos in EnglishFor questions and follow-up: cablejew@gmail.com
קִצּוּר בִּאוּר אוֹפֶן הדAn explanation [by the Rebbe Rashab] of the fourth approach, abridged:ב, בְּכָל דְּרָכֶיךָ דָּעֵהוּ“Know Him in all your ways.”הָאָדָם הַשָּׂם לִבּוֹ וְדַעְתּוֹ עַל כָּל הַנַּעֲשֶׂה עִמּוֹ וּמִסָּבִיב לוֹA person who sets his heart and mind on everything that happens to him and around himרוֹאֶה הוּא אֱלֹקוּת בְּמוּחָשׁactually perceives G‑dliness.וּכְמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר אַדְמוּ"ר הָאֶמְצָעִיAs the Mitteler Rebbe said,בְּיִתְרוֹן הַבַּעֲלֵי עֲסָקִים עַל הַיּוֹשְׁבֵי אֹהֶל businessmen have an advantage over Torah scholars,בְּעִנְיַן רְאִיַּת אֱלֹקוּת בְּמוּחָשׁfor businessmen actually perceive G‑dliness.עֲבוֹדַת הַתְּשׁוּבָה הַבָּאָה מִרְאִיַת הַשְׁגָחָה פְּרָטִיתThis is the kind of teshuvah that comes from seeing Divine Providence.Text and Translation courtesy of Sichos in EnglishFor questions and follow-up: cablejew@gmail.com
קִצּוּר בִּאוּר אוֹפֶן הגAn explanation [by the Rebbe Rashab] of the third approach, abridged:ו, וְאָהַבְתָּ לְרֵעֲךָ כָּמוֹךָ“Love your neighbor as yourself.”כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר רַבֵּנוּ הַזָּקֵןAs the Alter Rebbe explained,אֲשֶׁר זֶהוּ כְּלִי לִוְאָהַבְתָּ אֵת הוי' אֱלֹקֶיךָfulfilling this mitzvah is a medium for [attaining the level at which one can] “love G‑d your L‑rd.” וּבִאוּר בַּמַּאֲמָר כָּל שֶׁרוּחַ הַבְּרִיוֹת נוֹחָה הֵימֶנּוּ רוּחַ הַמָּקוֹם נוֹחָה הֵימֶנּוּIt also underlies the principle that “anyone with whom his fellowmen are pleased, G‑d is pleased with.”עֲבוֹדַת הַתְּשׁוּבָה בְּסִבַּת לֵב טוֹבTo “love your neighbor as yourself” is the path of teshuvah that comes from a good heart.Text and Translation courtesy of Sichos in EnglishFor questions and follow-up: cablejew@gmail.com
קִצּוּר בִּאוּר אוֹפֶן הבAn explanation [by the Rebbe Rashab] of the second approach, abridged:שׁ, שִׁוִּיתִי הוי' לְנֶגְדִּי תָמִיד“I have placed G‑d (Havayah) before me at all times.”הוי' מוֹרֶה עַל הִתְהַוּוּת הָעוֹלָם וְהִתְהַוּוּת הַנִּבְרָאִיםThe Divine Name Havayah [lit., “being, becoming”]denotes the bringing into existence of the world and the created beings.אֲשֶׁר הִתְהַוּוּת הַבְּרִיאָה כּוּלָהּ וְחַיּוּתָהּThe manner in which all existence is created and granted vitalityהוּא בְּדֶרֶךְ אֵין עֲרוֹךְ מֵאַיִן לְיֵשׁis such that, as it comes into being from nothingness, it has no appreciation of its incomparably [distant Creator].וְהִיא עֲבוֹדַת הַתְּשׁוּבָה הַבָּאָה עַל יְדֵי זֶהThe act of teshuvah based upon this approach meansאֲשֶׁר תָּמִיד לְנֶגֶד עֵינָיו עִנְיַן הַהֲוָיָ' שֶׁל הָעוֹלָם וּמְלוֹאוֹhaving the creation of the world and its fullness always in mind.Text and Translation courtesy of Sichos in EnglishFor questions and follow-up: cablejew@gmail.com
צוֹם גְּדַלְיָה נִדְחֶהThe Fast of Gedaliah, postponed [from yesterday], is observed today.אָבִינוּ מַלְכֵּנוּ[The “long”] Avinu Malkeinu is recited [at Shacharis and Minchah].סְלִיחוֹתSelichos [are recited on this day].קִצּוּר בִּאוּר אַאַמוּ"ר בְּאוֹפֶן הָאAn explanation [by the Rebbe Rashab] of the first approach [a continuation from yesterday], abridged:ת, תָּמִים תִּהְיֶה עִם הוי' אֱלֹקֶיךָ“Trust G‑d your L‑rd with simple faith.”עֲבוֹדַת הַתְּשׁוּבָה הַבָּאָה עַל יְדֵי הַתְּמִימוּתThis refers to the Divine service of teshuvah that comes through temimus,כַּמָּה בְּחִינוֹת וּמַדְרֵגוֹת בְּעִנְיַן הַתְּמִימוּתa quality that comprises several aspects and levels.וּבְיַחַס אֶל הַתְּשׁוּבָהWith regard to teshuvah,הָעוֹלָה עַל כּוּלָּנָה הִיא תְמִימוּת הַלֵּב — הַנִּקְרֵאת עֶרנסְטְקַייטthe most important among them is temimus — earnestness — within the heart.כָּאָמוּר בְּאַבְרָהָם: וּמָצָאתָ אֶת לְבָבוֹ נֶאֱמָן לְפָנֶיךָAs it is stated with regard to Avraham, “You found his heart faithful to You.”Text and Translation courtesy of Sichos in EnglishFor questions and follow-up: cablejew@gmail.com
מַתְחִילִין מִזְמוֹר לְדָוִד וְלֹא לְכוּ נְרַנְנָה[In the Kabbalas Shabbos Service,] we begin with Mizmor LeDavid instead of Lechu Neranenah. וְכֵן בְּכָל שַׁבָּת מוֹצָאֵי יוֹם טוֹבThis applies whenever a festival ends on Friday evening.הפטורה: שׁוּבָה - יִכָּשְׁלוּ בָם. מִי אֵל כָּמוֹךָ - מִימֵי קֶדֶםThe haftarah [for Shabbos Teshuvah] begins with Shuvah… yikashlu vam and concludes with Mi E-l kamocha… mimei kedem.בִּיחִידוּת הַצֶּמַח צֶדֶק אֵצֶל רַבֵּנוּ הַזָּקֵן ב' תֵצֵא בְּשִׁשִּׁי בֶּאֱלוּל תּקס"דDuring a yechidus of the Tzemach Tzedek with the Alter Rebbe, on Monday of Parshas Ki Seitzei, 6 Elul, 5564 (1804),סִפֵּר לוֹ רַבֵּנוּthe Alter Rebbe told him:שַׁבָּת פָּרָשַׁת תָּבוֹא תּקכ"ח אָמַר מוֹרִי וְרַבִּי (הָרַב הַמַּגִּיד מִמּעֶזְרִיטְשׁ) — תּוֹרָה“On Shabbos Parshas Ki Savo, 5528 (1768), my mentor and master (the Maggid of Mezritch) delivered a teachingוְהַתְחָלָתָהּ וְשַׁבְתָּ עַד הוי' אֱלֹקֶיךָthat opened with the verse, Veshavta ad HaShem Elokecha — ‘You shall return to Havayah (G‑d), Elokecha (your L‑rd).’וּבִאֵר כִּי עֲבוֹדַת הַתְּשׁוּבָה צְרִיכָה לִהְיוֹת“The Maggid [understood this verse as implying that ‘You shall return עַד אֲשֶׁר הוי', שֶׁהוּא לְמַעְלָה מֵהָעוֹלָמוֹתuntil Havayah is Elokecha,’ and] explained that one must bring one’s Divine service of teshuvah to the point that Havayah, [the aspect of Divinity] that transcends all worlds,יִהְיֶה אֱלֹקֶיךָ, אֱלֹקִים בְּגִימַטְרִיָּא הַטֶּבַע, בְּרֵאשִׁית בָּרָא אֱלֹקִיםbecomes Elokecha (your L‑rd). [He went on to say that] the Divine Name Elokim (א-להים) has the numerical equivalent of the word hateva (הטבע), meaning ‘nature.’ This [link is exemplified] in the verse, ‘In the beginning, Elokim created...’” [I.e, the natural world came into being through the Name Elokim. Thus the term Elokecha (your L‑rd) refers to the Divine power within us that endows us with life-energy.]כָּל הַחֶבְרַיָּא קַדִּישָׁא הָיוּ בְּהִתְעוֹרְרוּת גְּדוֹלָה מִתּוֹרָה הַהִיאThe entire holy brotherhood [of the Maggid’s disciples] was greatly aroused by this teaching.הָרַב הַצַּדִּיק ר' מְשׁוּלָּם זוּסְיָא מֵאַנִיפּאָלִי אָמַרHowever, one of the disciples, the tzaddik R. Meshullam Zusya of Hanipoli, declaredכִּי הוּא אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְהַגִּיעַ לְמַעֲלַת תְּשׁוּבָה כָּזוֹthat he could not reach such a level of teshuvah, וְעַל כֵּן יְחַלֵּק אֶת הַתְּשׁוּבָה לַחֲלָקִיםand therefore divided it into its components. כִּי תְּשׁוּבָה רָאשֵׁי תֵּיבוֹתTeshuvah (תשובה), he pointed out, is an acronym for the following five verses:ת, תָּמִים תִּהְיֶה עִם הוי' אֱלֹקֶיךָ“Trust G‑d your L‑rd with simple faith.”שׁ, שִׁוִּיתִי הוי' לְנֶגְדִּי תָמִיד. “I have placed G‑d before me at all times.”ו, וְאָהַבְתָּ לְרֵעֲךָ כָּמוֹךָ“Love your neighbor as yourself.”ב, בְּכָל דְּרָכֶיךָ דָעֵהוּ“Know Him in all your ways.”ה, הַצְנֵעַ לֶכֶת עִם ה' אֱלֹקֶיךָ“Walk humbly with G‑d your L‑rd.”כְּשֶׁסִּפֵּר לִי אַאַמוּ"ר אֶת הַנִּזְכָּר לְעֵיל[The Rebbe Rayatz added:] When my revered father [the Rebbe Rashab] told me the above,סִיֵּםhe concluded:תֵּיבַת תְּשׁוּבָה צְרוּפָה מֵחָמֵשׁ אוֹתִיּוֹת“The word teshuvah comprises five letters,אֲשֶׁר כָּל אוֹת הוּא דֶרֶךְ וְאוֹפֶן בַּעֲבוֹדַת הַתְּשׁוּבָהeach representing a distinct path and approach to the labor of teshuvah.וּבִאֵר בַּאֲרִיכוּת חֲמִשָּׁה הָאוֹפַנִּים<p
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